Genetic characterization in relation to the health state of oak populations in the Elbląski and Krotoszyński regions of Poland
Thirteen oak (Quercus robur L.) populations in the Elbląg and Krotoszyn Forest Districts were analyzed in order to determine genetic variation and similarity in relation to health and resistance to stress factors. Chloroplast DNA was analyzed using PCR-RFLP markers and, after amplification, separated on 8% polyacrylamide gel. Different frequencies of six haplotypes („1”, „4”, „5”, „7”, „10” and „12”) of „DT” and „CD” loci primers were determined. Higher genetic variation was observed in trees from Krotoszyn (HT = 0.809) in comparison to Elbląg (HT = 0.785). All oak populations studied were characterized by high genetic variation (GST = 0.818). In oak stands at the Elbląg Dobrocin, Młynary, Orneta, Starogard and Zaporowo populations shared some genetic similarity except the population Górowo Iławeckie. Most stands of the Elbląg provenances presented a haplotype-pattern typical of the Apennines postglacial oak refugium. High genetic distance separated two populations (Jarocin and Karczma Borowa) from the other populations at Krotoszyn (Krotoszyn-1, Krotoszyn-2, Milicz, Piaski and Taczanów). The majority of Krotoszyn provenances showed the haplotype-pattern typical of the Balkan and Iberian oak refugia. Stand health was monitored from 1999 in two populations, Młynary (provenance region 103) and Jarocin (provenance region 359). Different levels of injury symptoms were observed between stands but mortality was higher in Jarocin, presenting high frequency of Balkan haplotype „7”. Severe damage affected 60% of trees in the Jarocin stand after 2003, probably due to a combination of unfavorable climatic conditions and infection by pathogens e.g. Phytophthora and Pythium. Comparing chloroplast DNA variation data obtained for Młynary and Jarocin, the population with higher cpDNA differentiation (Młynary) appeared better adapted to the changing environmental conditions (drought, high temperature) than Jarocin with lower genetic variation.
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