Somatic embryogenesis – an alternative way to produce improved planting stock of coniferous tree species
Somatic embryogenesis in conifers as an effective vegetative propagation method, offers a great multiplicative potential in a short time as well as the possibility of cryopreservation the embryogenic tissue. Mass vegetative propagation via tissue culture (micropropagation, clonal propagation) of selected, improved material give many advantages over conventional methods (cutting, grafting). Plants can be produced by tissue culture through one of two different pathways: organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis. Organogenesis is developmental process where organ primordia are initiated on a explant (for ex. bud, leaf), after exogenously applied hormones. After organ initiation several steps – shoot elonagation, rooting and acclimatization are required to obtain plant. Somatic embryogenesis – is the process of formation and development of somatic embryos from vegetative (somatic) tissue. This process can be divided into different steps: 1) initiation of embryogenic tissue from the primary explant (mature or immature zygotic embryo, cotyledon, needle), 2) multiplication of embryogenic tissue, 3) maturation of somatic embryos, 4) germination of somatic embryos, 5) plant regeneration. A short historical aspects of somatic embryogenesis in woody plants and its application for forest regeneration is presented. Vegetatively propagated material via somatic embryogenesis offers many advantages over seed material and can be used for forest tree breeding and reforestation programmes.
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